Endnotes 1 All names of current and former detainees have been changed to protect their identities. 2 Asma Shafi. “My brother came home from a Saudi Jail. Then I woke up from my dream”. December 18, 2018. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1451971/my-brother-came-home-from-a-saudi-jail-then-i-woke-up-from-my-dream. Accessed April 14, 2019. 3 Pakistan’s economy benefits particularly from the outflow of labour. The country was ranked 7th on the list of top remittance receiving countries in 2017 with remittances received in the year amounting to $20 billion (USD) “Migration And Remittances: Recent Developments And Outlook”. KNOMAD. 2019. The World Bank Group. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29777/125632-WP-PUBLIC-MigrationandDevelopmentBrief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed April 13, 2019 4 Rizvi, Yumna. “The Time to Demand Saudi Arabia to Treat Pakistani Workers Properly Is Now”. dawn.com. October 2, 2018. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1436145. Accessed January 23, 2019 On 18th February, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman announced the immediate release of 2,107 Pakistani prisoners imprisoned in the country. However, only 250 Pakistanis have returned as of yet, as per official sources. 5 “Migrant Recruitment Costs,” Migration Data Portal. January 10, 2019. Available at: https://migrationdataportal.org/ themes/migrant-recruitment-costs. Accessed January 23, 2019. 6 The Foreign Service Agreement is signed between the individual and foreign employer / OEP and counter signed by the Protectorate of Emigrant (PE) to ensure the implementation of the terms and conditions of that contract. “Frequently Asked Questions”. 2019. Bureau Of Emigration & Overseas Employment. Available at: https://beoe.gov.pk/faqs. Accessed March 29, 2019. 7 Cited in G.M. Arif. “Recruitment of Pakistani Workers for Overseas Employment: Mechanisms, Exploitation and Vulnerabilities”. International Labor Office. Available at: http://www.oit.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@declaration/ documents/publication/wcm_041928.pdf. Accessed March 13, 2019. 8 Interview with detainee in Saudi Arabia, November 10, 2015. 9 Located in Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Quetta and, Batkhela Malakand District, Pakistan. 10 Procedure for Overseas Employment. Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment. Available at: https://beoe. gov.pk/files/legal-framework/procedure-for-overseas-employment.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2019. 11 G.M. Arif, “Recruitment of Pakistani Workers for Overseas Employment: Mechanisms, Exploitation and Vulnerabilities”. 12 Rules and regulations vary for workers going to Malaysia, for instance, but are applicable to Saudi Arabia. 13 Conversations with OEP in February, 2018 in Lahore. 14 Emigration Ordinance of Pakistan 1979, Article 7. 15 The Dhaka Principles for Migration with Dignity,18 December 2012. Institute for Human Rights and Business. Available at: https://www.ihrb.org/uploads/member-uploads/DPs_-_English_Short_Version.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2019 16 Emigration Ordinance of Pakistan 1979, Article 21 17 Emigration Ordinance of Pakistan 1979, Article 25 (viii). 18 Emigration Ordinance of Pakistan, 1979, Article 20. 19 “Zulfi Bukhari inaugurates biometric verification system,”Pakistan Today, October 31, 2018. Available at: https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/10/31/zulfi-bukhari-inaugurates-biometric-verification-system. Accessed 12 April, 2019