3.1 Inadequate Coordination Between State Authorities In 2005, Shahid was approached by Muhammad Arshad Shah, a subagent, who offered him a job in Saudi Arabia. However, Shahid told his father he had won tickets for himself and his mother to travel to Saudi Arabia on Umrah (pilgrimage). The family had no idea who had made travel arrangements for Shahid. After Shahid paid Shah the necessary money for passport and visa processing, he was taken to Mardan. There, Arshad gave Shahid an injection that made him very drowsy, hazy and semiconscious and in this state, he was forced to swallow heroin capsules and board a plane to Saudi Arabia. “Shahid rang me from a prison in Saudi. He said there were many inmates from Pakistan and they were cheated in the same way by agents offering an Umrah visit,” said Shahid’s wife Razia Bibi.36 Shahid was executed in Saudi Arabia following a conviction on drug-related offences. Inadequate coordination between the different state authorities responsible for aspects of the labour migration process in Pakistan leads to poor enforcement of protections against trafficking. For example, even when complaints are brought against individuals or agents, defendants have been known to simply disappear, close office or simply not respond to show cause notices without facing any punishment from state authorities. In the case of trafficking complaints against certain individuals such as those in the FIA’s Red Book of Most Wanted Traffickers (2016), the OEPs that these individuals operated from are not adequately investigated and continue to be licenced and operating. For example, Global Routes and Travels has had several complaints against the licence owner of the company and an FIR is still open for his arrest. Yet the recruitment agency is still fully functional and continues to send workers and others abroad. The lack of coordination between the FIA and BEOE, or simple indifference clearly jeopardizes the lives of Pakistani migrant workers seeking employment opportunities abroad. The BEOE is responsible for overseeing the activities of its licenced OEPs, checking the validity of migrant’s documents and briefing migrants on safety procedures and legal protocols in their destination countries. It is the responsibility of the Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment, as the formal regulator and monitoring body for OEPs, to ensure accountability and that the worker is aware of the process of migration and that those who are facilitating his migration are not causing him harm. There are other actors that can also play a valuable role in providing relief to migrant worker prisoners post-arrest. The Ministry of Interior, which administers the Anti Narcotics Force and presides over a Ministry of Narcotics Control,37 has done little to ensure the apprehension of the actual organised criminal networks behind the drug trafficking trade to the GCC. In the past three years, only one narcotics ring associated with smuggling drugs to GCC countries has been dismantled, that too on the impetus of the UAE police who identified, located and then demanded the arrest of a smuggler located in Pakistan.38 When the Ministry of Interior was contacted in relation to JPP’s litigation on the cases of migrant workers arrested on drug smuggling charges, they requested that their name be removed from the 17