Illustrations
The right of the villagers of a particular village to use the water of a particular well is a general right
within the meaning of this Article.
63. Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant. When the Court has to form an opinion as
to—
the usages and tenets of any body of man of family,
the constitution and government of any religious or charitable foundation, or
the meaning of words or terms used in particular districts or by particular classes of people,
the opinions of persons having special means of knowledge thereon, are relevant facts.
64. Opinion on relationship when relevant. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the
relationship of one person to another, the opinion, expressed by conduct, as to the existence of such
relationship, of any person who, as a member of the family or otherwise, has special means of
knowledge on the subject, is a relevant fact:
Provided that such opinion shall not be sufficient to prove a marriage in proceedings under the
Divorce Act, 1869 (IV of 1869), or in prosecutions under Section 494 or 495 of the Pakistan Penal
Code (Act XIV of 1860).
Illustrations
(a) The question is, whether A and B were married.
The fact they were usually received and treated by their friends as husband and wife,
is relevant.
(b) The question is, whether A was the legitimate son of B. The fact that A was always
treated as such by members of the family, is relevant.
65. Grounds of opinion when relevant. Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant,
the grounds on which such opinion is based are also relevant.
Illustration
An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him for the purpose of forming his
opinion.
CHARACTER WHEN RELEVANT
66. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed irrelevant. In civil cases the fact that the
character of any person concerned is such as to render probable or improbable any conduct imputed
to him is irrelevant, except in so far as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.
67. In criminal cases previous good character relevant. In criminal proceedings the fact that
the person accused is of a good character is relevant.
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