20 Interview with Shabbir on October 25, 2014 in Sheikhupura, Pakistan 21 Ibid 22 Procedure for Overseas Employment, Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment. Section A (19) 23 Conversation with OEPs in March 2018 in Peshawar 24 Foreigners need to obtain an exit permit i.e. permission to travel from their sponsor before they can be allowed to exit the country. 25 The Foreign Service Agreement is signed between the individual and foreign employer / OEP and counter signed by the Protectorate of Emigrant (PE) to ensure the implementation of the terms and conditions of that contract. “Frequently Asked Questions”. 2019. Bureau Of Emigration & Overseas Employment. Available at: https://beoe.gov.pk/faqs. Accessed March 29. 26 Emigration Ordinance of Pakistan, 1979. Chapter V, sec. 15. 27 G.M. Arif. “Recruitment of Pakistani Workers for Overseas Employment: Mechanisms, Exploitation and Vulnerabilities”. 28 Interviews on 17 April 2018 in Karachi, Pakistan. 29 Cited in G.M. Arif. “Recruitment of Pakistani Workers for Overseas Employment: Mechanisms, Exploitation and Vulnerabilities”. 30 Skype interview in March 2018 31 G.M. Arif. “Recruitment of Pakistani Workers for Overseas Employment: Mechanisms, Exploitation and Vulnerabilities”. 32 Procedure for Overseas Employment, Section A, 19. Available at: https://beoe.gov.pk/files/legal-framework/procedure-for-overseas-employment.pdf. Accessed on 13 April, 2019. 33 The OEC currently only deals with official demands for workers from foreign country governments. 34 Conversations with OEP on 20th February, 2018 in Lahore 35 Conversations with OEP on 20th February, 2018 in Lahore and 17th April 2018, Karachi 36 Interview with Razia Bibi in Faisalabad, Pakistan on Oct 9, 2015. 37 The Ministry of Narcotic Control is responsible for “Policy on all aspects of narcotics and dangerous drugs, such as production, processing, marketing, import, export and transhipment, trafficking etc., in conformity with national objectives, laws and international conventions and agreements” Mandate, Schedule II [Rule 3(3)] Rules of Business 1973. Available at: http://narcon.gov.pk/index.php?page=mandate. Accessed 13 April, 2019. 38 “UAE busts heroin smugglers gang with Pakistani cooperation”. 15 July, 2015. India Times. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/uae-busts-heroin-smugglers-gang-with-pakistani-cooperation/ articleshow/48083454.cms?from=mdr. Accessed 11 March, 2019. 39 Mary Jane Fiesta Veloso is a Filipino woman who was sentenced to death for allegedly smuggling heroin into Indonesia in 2010. Her case sparked debate on the death penalty, drug trafficking and the need for leniency towards victims of human trafficking. 40 Justice Project Pakistan interview with Ejaz, November 10, 2015. 41 “Caught in a Web: Treatment of Pakistanis in the Saudi Criminal Justice System”. March 2018. Human Rights Watch and Justice Project Pakistan. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/saudiarabia0318_web.pdf. Accessed 10 January, 2019.