Contents 1 Executive Summary 1 1.1 Recommendations 4 1.2 Methodology 5 1.3 Case Study: Farooq 6 2 Pakistan’s Recruitment Regime: Failing to Protect Migrant Workers from Exploitation 7 2.1 The Recruitment Process Under Pakistani Law 7 2.2 Failures in the Recruitment Process 9 2.2.1 Trading of Illegal Azad Visas 10 2.2.2 Pre-Departure Briefing 11 2.2.3 The Role of Subagents in Labour Migration 13 3 Grievance Mechanisms in Origin and Destination Country 16 3.1 Inadequate Coordination Between State Authorities 17 3.2 Imprisoned without Consular Assistance 19 3.3 Narcotics Control 22 3.4 Criminalisation 23 4 Conclusion Endnotes 25